Analyzing the Stock Market Crash Dissertation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Analyzing the Stock Market Crash - Dissertation Example From this paper it is clear that  the stock market crash is referred to as a decline in the price of stocks of companies that have listed themselves in stock exchange. It results in the decrease of paper wealth which is often caused by panic than economic indicators of the country. The stock markets are crashed due to various reasons but mostly they occur due to the high prices of stocks that remain for a longer period of time. The first ever stock market crash was observed in 1929 due to increase of borrowing from the banks. People were beginning to think that the prices of stocks would remain all time high. It was an era when radio was invented by Marconi, and people were happy to see their stocks soar while becoming jubilant by viewing the performance of their company increased. Investors were investing their money through borrowing from banks which made it impossible to repay the amount when the stock market unexpectedly crashed in 1929. United States recalled the loans that we re provided to European markets which affected the European market because of their imbalance of payments.This study declares that  the stock market crash of 1929 were followed by the ‘Black Monday’ of 1987, the recession of 1990, the Asian crisis which started on 1997 and disrupted the economy of Asian giants. The Asian recession was followed by currency crisis in Russia in 1998 in which Russian domestic problems were held responsible for the crash.... The stock markets are crashed due to various reasons but mostly they occur due to the high prices of stocks that remain for a longer period of time. The first ever stock market crash was observed in 1929 due to increase of borrowing from the banks. People were beginning to think that the prices of stocks would remain all time high. It was an era when radio was invented by Marconi, and people were happy to see their stocks soar while becoming jubilant by viewing the performance of their company increased. Investors were investing their money through borrowing from banks which made it impossible to repay the amount when the stock market unexpectedly crashed in 1929. United States recalled the loans that were provided to European markets which affected the European market because of their imbalance of payments. The after effects of stock market crash have long lasting impression on the overall economy of the country. It also affects other countries that have close relation and bilateral ties with the affected country. The results include devastating effect on the economy. Similarly, the stock market crash had influenced the rise of the Great Depression which in turn prompted countries to invade other countries to gather resources. The invasion resulted in the World War II which caused millions of people to die at the hands of others. The stock market crash of 1929 were followed by the ‘Black Monday’ of 1987, the recession of 1990, the Asian crisis which started on 1997 and disrupted the economy of Asian giants. The Asian recession was followed by currency crisis in Russia in 1998 in which Russian domestic problems were held responsible for the crash. After the Russian crisis, the dot-com bubble distorted the economy Worldwide. The

Reflective Essay: Growing Up in Poverty

Reflective Essay: Growing Up in Poverty We make a living by what we get but we make a life by what we give (Sir Winston Churchill). When I heard this quote for the first time, it was from one of my high school teachers. Growing up in the Mission District of San Francisco I was surrounded by poverty and violence on a daily basis. In fact one of my earliest memories as a child was playing outside of my house and hearing gunfire, then seeing the gunmen running across the street from me with their guns still clutched in their hands. I understood from a young age that my next door neighbors who stood outside all day were drug dealers, as were the people across the street that stood outside the liquor store. As I learned to become accustomed with my environment, I remember thinking that this is simply the way of life and that it was my place to grow up to live life exactly the same. As quick as I was to understand this, I was still a bit unsettled. The question remained, why? I understood the violence, the drugs, the gangs, but I also saw an underlying constant. Apart from the all the conflict, I saw a community. I knew best friends from elementary school who became enemies in high school only because they were from different blocks of the neighborhood, and I did not understand that. I understood the effect but not the cause. I always used to get into trouble as a kid, but when I entered High School my life began to spiral out of control. I started to live my life, not necessarily trying to be like the older kid from the neighborhood, but just acting on everything that I learned throughout my life growing up in the Mission. At the age of thirteen I was coming home at four in the morning, if at all. I was hanging out on the corners. The list of things I did goes on and on. No matter how much my parents, or anybody, tried to discipline me; I just couldnt check my behavior. It was as if I were on auto destruct. One day during my sophomore year in high school my History teacher, Mr. Roth, pulled me aside and asked me to meet with him after class. At first I remember thinking that I was in trouble and that this was some kind of teacher conference to tell me that I was going to fail, which I already knew I would. I couldnt be more wrong. So I suppose you want an explanation for why Im not taking school seriously, I said. He responded with, Actually Cristian, Im more interested in just hearing what you have to say about anything. For the first time ever, I actually heard the voice of true concern come from a teacher. I mean, Ive met with teachers and counselors who tried to get me to start coming to school and start performing in class, but this was different. When I was done talking he had answers for questions that I didnt even ask. He understood the way things happen, but he also questioned why. Apparently Mr. Roth somehow saw that I questioned why as well because there were many other stude nts in the class who were also failing, but he felt it necessary to single me out. After that I never once missed any of his classes. I began meeting with Mr. Roth once a week; during that time he opened up my eyes to the world greater than what I was exposed to. During one of our weekly meetings, he quoted Winston Churchill, We make a living by what we get but we make a life with what we give. From that moment forward my life was changed. I now understood that it didnt matter where I grew up; I have the ability to choose to create my own life. I was always able to see the good through the bad, but up until this point I never knew why. It was because I chose to see the good. One day, while my cousin and I were standing outside my house, a Fire Truck came roaring by with its sirens blaring. We decided to hop on our bikes and follow them to where they were headed. When we got to the scene, I was amazed. I never really watched firefighters in action before. It was as if they were protectors of the community. I had always been taught to look down upon law enforcement, but Firefighters are apart from the law, they cannot judge, and they do not care who you are. They do not care if you are a drug dealer, a gang member, or simply a kid in the wrong place at the wrong time; they are there to selflessly save your life. Firefighters see that underlying constant in people, as a community, just as I do. I felt empowered. Soon after, I began doing little things like tutoring and mentoring. Mainly I was organizing after school baseball games in empty lots around the neighborhood. It didnt matter that these empty lots we were playing on were made of concrete or gravel, kids were coming out to play. When we first started it was just three of us, but soon after, we were drawing enough kids to have two full teams. Even some of the older kids and a couple of adults joined up. Unfortunately we were eventually run out of all the spaces we had to play. Lots were either developed into condos, or we were simply locked out. This was all years ago. Although my makeshift baseball program failed, I look back and I am proud of what was accomplished, even for that short period of time. Now that I am older, I want to help the community on a different level. I am not sure yet of how I can, but I am sure of the route I will take. One day I plan on moving back to my city, my hood. When I return I will be supplemented with a college education, and a well respected job. I want to get back to creating things that bring people together, and I want to join neighborhood leaders in giving a voice to the community. Who knows, maybe I can even convince city officials to start a legit baseball program.

Humorous Wedding Speech for a Sister of the Groom -- Wedding Toasts Ro

Humorous Wedding Speech for a Sister of the Groom Ladies and Gentlemen you'll be pleased to know I am only going to speak for a couple of minutes because of my throat..... if I go on too long Angie has threatened to cut it. However, before I begin, on behalf of John and Angie I would like to thank everyone who has helped to make this the special day that it is - and I think we can all agree it has been splendid so far. Well, I knew it would be difficult to follow a speech made by John and I was right .... I couldn't follow a bloomin word of it. When John asked me to be his Best woman I felt very privileged at first, but then as the big day approached I thought why did he ask me? what had I done that was so wrong? I then remembered a good definition of being asked to be the Bestman, is like being asked to make love to the Queen Mother - its a great honour, but nobody wants to do it. But even so, I still agreed to be John's Best woman and here I am today. So, before I commence to slander John's character as is traditional, I'd just like to thank him for lending me a book entitled "The Bestman's Checklist". I must confess I was mystified by some of the things I was expected to do. (1) Get the Groom to the Church sober and on time - well ladies and gentlemen I think you could all agree I have completed by first duty splendidly. (2) Bring a Chequebook for payments the groom may have forgotten - well kn... ... Example : To John and Angie, If you need some wedding tips, call 0800 and ask for hot lips... From Anonymous. Finally, on behalf of the bride and groom I would like to thank everyone for sharing their special day, it is a true millstone - sorry milestone in their lives. On behalf of myself I wish you'd all stayed at home - as things would have been a lot easier on me. I started planning this speech about 5 months ago and I expect you all feel like I've been delivering it equally as long. But now it gives me immense pleasure (not to mention relief) to invite you to all stand and raise your glasses in a toast to John and Angie. To love, laughter and happily ever after. To John and Angie CONGRATULATIONS Humorous Wedding Speech for a Sister of the Groom -- Wedding Toasts Ro Humorous Wedding Speech for a Sister of the Groom Ladies and Gentlemen you'll be pleased to know I am only going to speak for a couple of minutes because of my throat..... if I go on too long Angie has threatened to cut it. However, before I begin, on behalf of John and Angie I would like to thank everyone who has helped to make this the special day that it is - and I think we can all agree it has been splendid so far. Well, I knew it would be difficult to follow a speech made by John and I was right .... I couldn't follow a bloomin word of it. When John asked me to be his Best woman I felt very privileged at first, but then as the big day approached I thought why did he ask me? what had I done that was so wrong? I then remembered a good definition of being asked to be the Bestman, is like being asked to make love to the Queen Mother - its a great honour, but nobody wants to do it. But even so, I still agreed to be John's Best woman and here I am today. So, before I commence to slander John's character as is traditional, I'd just like to thank him for lending me a book entitled "The Bestman's Checklist". I must confess I was mystified by some of the things I was expected to do. (1) Get the Groom to the Church sober and on time - well ladies and gentlemen I think you could all agree I have completed by first duty splendidly. (2) Bring a Chequebook for payments the groom may have forgotten - well kn... ... Example : To John and Angie, If you need some wedding tips, call 0800 and ask for hot lips... From Anonymous. Finally, on behalf of the bride and groom I would like to thank everyone for sharing their special day, it is a true millstone - sorry milestone in their lives. On behalf of myself I wish you'd all stayed at home - as things would have been a lot easier on me. I started planning this speech about 5 months ago and I expect you all feel like I've been delivering it equally as long. But now it gives me immense pleasure (not to mention relief) to invite you to all stand and raise your glasses in a toast to John and Angie. To love, laughter and happily ever after. To John and Angie CONGRATULATIONS

What is love?

As each one of us may come to agree, love is just a simple four-letter word, yet it can have different meanings as much as it can be perceived in different ways. For some people, love is a simple expression of affection, while others may find it as a deep and genuine term that encompasses their feelings and emotions towards their loved ones. Moreover, as common knowledge, love is somewhat an entity that is felt by most, if not all, people through their parents, spouses, children, friends, and the so-called â€Å"divine love† from God. Nevertheless, while some people are certain that they know and feel the essence of love, others are still puzzled and are still not able to discern the exact meaning of love in their lives. Hence, this paper aims to have a substantial presentation of established facts and definitions pertaining to love, based on relevant and reputable references. LOVE†¦ LOVE†¦ LOVE†¦ What really is love? Let us try to look at Webster’s definition of love. According to Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary, love is: strong affection for another [person] that rise out of kinship and personal ties; an attraction based on sexual desire, a concern for another individual and an affection; tenderness felt by lovers; a warm attachment, enthusiasm, or devotion for a person or object; a fatherly concern of God to humankind; a person’s adoration of God. (â€Å"love†) Based on the above definition, love is fairly defined as an expression, a behavior that is communicated b y one person to other people as a result of feelings and emotions that sprouted from relationships and ties. Also, love is a substantiation of faith and adoration of God, in response to how the supernatural being had shown His divine concern to humanity through His love. On the other hand, love can also be associated with sexual desires which must have originated from the attraction between lovers. Thus, the Merriam-Webster’s definition clearly depicts love as actions (expression and behavior) that are carried out by individuals as social beings and as creations of God. Perhaps, the most reliable and the most genuine definition of love can be found inside the bible, specifically the 13th chapter in the book of 1st Corinthians, which is widely known as the â€Å"love chapter†. And, the most significant parts of it are quoted as follows: Love is patient, love is kind. It does not envy, it does not boast, it is not proud. It is not rude, it is not self-seeking, it is not easily angered, [and] it keeps no record of wrongs. Love does not delight in evil but rejoices with the truth. It always protects, always trusts, always hopes, [and] always perseveres. Love never fails†¦ †¦And now these three remain: faith, hope, and love. But the greatest of these is love. (New International Version, 1 Cor. 13. 4-8, 13) Indeed, the bible’s definition of love categorically elaborates the distinct and laudable characteristics of genuine or true love, thereby highlighting the selflessness, trustworthiness, and genuineness of love. Consequently, tr ue to its purpose, this paper was able to exemplify the meaning of love through utilization of the most reliable literatures. For this reason, we can now therefore discern what love is†¦ Works Cited â€Å"love.† Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary. 2009. Merriam-Webster Online. 21 April 2009 New International Version of The Holy Bible. Colorado Springs: International Bible Society, 1984. What is love? Love is defined in one Raymond Carver's famous short story entitled â€Å"Beginners†. Published in 1981 it is considered a s a timeless and influential piece of modern literature as it gives love a different kind of meaning. It is a collection of short stories of people falling in love, currently in love and wanted to go out of love. The masterpiece is written in such a way that readers will think as to what extent love can make or break lives and how to deal with this four letter word that makes the world go round. The book tackles different scenarios of love presented through series of stories which produces linkage to the meaning of the word love in the end. Though the plot revolves on a casual drinking conversation of two couples, it really does make sense in giving love different meanings. Love was illustrated in the short story in many profound ways. Characters presented in the story are different in terms of profession and personal background but they are all speaking about one thing, love. Men are from Venus and girls are from Mars as it may seem when readers try to digest the concept of Carver's story as a whole. He gives various instances that women are desperately being submissive to men to the extent that they are being hurt and abuse just to prove how they love their partners. I say this in the case of Carl who overly abused his partner. Terri on the other hand does not mind being victimized by love. Love can kill in the case of Carl who kept on beating his partner because this is his way of showing love. Terri on the other hand is blinded by emotion that is why she let her partner hurt her thinking that it is always about love. She is so selfless to the point that part of her being anorexic is caused by too much beating to her by Carl. Herb McGinnis on the other hand is a cardiologist that can cure the heart both literally and figuratively. He is described in the book as someone that can mend even the deepest wound caused by Carl in Terri's life. He has his own share of sentiment about love as he continuously supports his first wife and kids. His paternal love is described by Carver in the story as an undying devotion to give even his last single penny for the sake of love and support to raise his children. Dumb as it may seem since Herb is not only givinf support to his children financially but also to his first wife's lover as well. He cannot refuse doing it because the woman might deprive him from seeing their children. But the love story of Laura and the narrator himself tells another aspect of love on the other hand. Since they are just newly weds and are on the early part of their relationship, the perks and joys of feeling love is still at its best. But they kept on showing persistence in proving how they value each other everyday. In order to cultivate love to the younger couple, Herb narrated the story of the elderly couple who were both injured due to a car accident. The love story of the two elderly made the Beginners a story of love well defined. Love can be selfless or selfish, giving and forgiving, healing and forgetting. These are few of the underlying tones of the short story if we will dissect the whole concept of Beginners by Raymond Carver. It is indeed a story that is made for readers to value the meaning and live the feeling of love. What is love? Love is defined in one Raymond Carver's famous short story entitled â€Å"Beginners†. Published in 1981 it is considered a s a timeless and influential piece of modern literature as it gives love a different kind of meaning. It is a collection of short stories of people falling in love, currently in love and wanted to go out of love. The masterpiece is written in such a way that readers will think as to what extent love can make or break lives and how to deal with this four letter word that makes the world go round. The book tackles different scenarios of love presented through series of stories which produces linkage to the meaning of the word love in the end. Though the plot revolves on a casual drinking conversation of two couples, it really does make sense in giving love different meanings. Love was illustrated in the short story in many profound ways. Characters presented in the story are different in terms of profession and personal background but they are all speaking about one thing, love. Men are from Venus and girls are from Mars as it may seem when readers try to digest the concept of Carver's story as a whole. He gives various instances that women are desperately being submissive to men to the extent that they are being hurt and abuse just to prove how they love their partners. I say this in the case of Carl who overly abused his partner. Terri on the other hand does not mind being victimized by love. Love can kill in the case of Carl who kept on beating his partner because this is his way of showing love. Terri on the other hand is blinded by emotion that is why she let her partner hurt her thinking that it is always about love. She is so selfless to the point that part of her being anorexic is caused by too much beating to her by Carl. Herb McGinnis on the other hand is a cardiologist that can cure the heart both literally and figuratively. He is described in the book as someone that can mend even the deepest wound caused by Carl in Terri's life. He has his own share of sentiment about love as he continuously supports his first wife and kids. His paternal love is described by Carver in the story as an undying devotion to give even his last single penny for the sake of love and support to raise his children. Dumb as it may seem since Herb is not only givinf support to his children financially but also to his first wife's lover as well. He cannot refuse doing it because the woman might deprive him from seeing their children. But the love story of Laura and the narrator himself tells another aspect of love on the other hand. Since they are just newly weds and are on the early part of their relationship, the perks and joys of feeling love is still at its best. But they kept on showing persistence in proving how they value each other everyday. In order to cultivate love to the younger couple, Herb narrated the story of the elderly couple who were both injured due to a car accident. The love story of the two elderly made the Beginners a story of love well defined. Love can be selfless or selfish, giving and forgiving, healing and forgetting. These are few of the underlying tones of the short story if we will dissect the whole concept of Beginners by Raymond Carver. It is indeed a story that is made for readers to value the meaning and live the feeling of love.

Results And Discussion Respondents Profile Health And Social Care Essay

This subdivision reviews the personal and professional backgrounds of the respondents. Apart from their designated places, an LNC ‘s disposition towards certain nutrition and nutrition-related plans is partially established by their age ( the period from which their perceptual experience is based on ) , gender and length of service ( old ages of experience in the execution of plans ) in the authorities.Distribution of RespondentsThere were 31 respondents in entire ; 22.6 per centum came from barangay 1 and each 19.4 per centum represented the provincial, metropolis, municipality and barangay 2 degrees ( Table 1 ) . The expected respondents of the study were caputs of LNC ; nevertheless, few delegated their coordinators to finish the study. In some cases, the coordinators shared the same cognition and patterns as their caputs and sing how LGUs map, coordinators were important places.Table 1. Distribution of RespondentsDegreeFrequencyPercentageProvincial6 19.4City6 19.4Municipality6 19.4Barangay 1 ( City )7 22.6Barangay 2 ( Municipality )6 19.4AgeThe age of LNC ranges from 25 to 65 old ages old. Almost 39 per centum belong to age bracket of 46 to 55 ; about 10 per centum belong to the lowest age bracket of 25 to 35 ; and about 26 per centum came from both 36 to 45 and 56 to 65 age brackets. The youngest respondents were officers from the Department of Interior and Local Government and Department of Education ( 29 old ages old ) and the oldest was a Barangay Nutrition Scholar ( 64 old ages old ) .GenderOf the entire respondents, 87.1 per centum were female while 12.9 per centum were male.Educational AttainmentOut of 31 respondents, more than half ( 51.6 % ) were college alumnuss, around 23 per centum were post-graduates, about 13 per centum were vocational, about 7 per centum were high school alumnuss and 3 per centum were both high school and college undergraduates.Current Position/OfficeAt the provincial, metropolis and municipal degrees, respondents from the Nutrition, Health, Agriculture, Social Welfare and Developm ent, and Planning and Development bureaus comprised about 50 per centum of the population while the staying per centum came from the offices of Interior and Local Government ( 3.2 % ) and Education ( 6.5 % ) . The barangay degree was composed of Barangay Nutrition Scholars ( 6.5 % ) , Rural Health Midwife ( 3.2 % ) , Barangay Health Workers ( 5.0 % ) , Municipal Health Nurse ( 3.2 % ) , Day Care Center Worker ( 3.2 % ) , Kagawad on Health ( 6.5 % ) , and Kagawad on Agriculture ( 3.2 % ) .Length of TenureIn footings of old ages in service, a one-fourth ( 25.8 % ) of the entire respondents has been in office for less than five old ages and a 3rd ( 32.3 % ) have been in office for 10 old ages or less. Majority of the respondents ( 42 % ) have been in office for at least 11 old ages. The longest functioning officer interviewed was a Department of Education Nutrition Head who has been in the office for about 40 old ages.Table 2. Respondents ProfileFeatureFrequencyPercentageAge ( old ages )25 to 35 3 9.7 36 t0 45 8 25.8 46 to 55 12 38.7 56 to 65 8 25.8GenderMale 4 12.9 Female 27 87.1Educational AttainmentHigh School Undergraduate 1 3.2 High School Graduate 2 6.5 College Undergraduate 1 3.2 College Graduate 16 51.6 Vocational 4 12.9 Post-Graduate 7 22.6Current Position/OfficeNutrition 3 9.7 Health 3 9.7 Agribusiness 3 9.7 Education 2 6.5 Social Welfare and Development 3 9.7 Planing and Development 3 9.7 Interior and Local Government 1 3.2 Barangay Nutrition Scholar 2 6.5 Barangay Health Worker 5 16.1 Rural Health Midwife 1 3.2 Municipal Health Nurse 1 3.2 Day Care Center Worker 1 3.2 Kagawad on Health 2 6.5 Kagawad on Agriculture 1 3.2Old ages in Service ( old ages )1 to 5 8 25.8 6 to 10 10 32.3 11 to 15 7 22.6 16 to 20 3 9.7 21 and above 3 9.7Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in LagunaThis subdivision tackles the general and specific cognition and patterns of LNC in the M and E of nutrition plans. Respondents who merely conduct M and E were expected to reply the undermentioned set of inquiries about current M and E tools and patterns. Otherwise, they were asked to continue to the following portion of the questionnaire. Respondents were asked of how they understand M and E or how would they specify the footings. This subdivision besides reviews the data/results of M and E ; the flow of data/results, how it was submitted and used in planning, redesigning and footing for assessment if aims were achieved or non achieved.The Existing Monitoring and Evaluation SystemsIn the overall direction of nutrition and nutrition-related services, the Local Government Units ( LGUs ) , i.e. from the national degree the maps of NNC are performed to the local degree through the Local Nutrition Committees ( LNCs ) down to the barangay degre e. In the state, city/municipality and barangay, LNCs are commissioned for planning, implementing, monitoring, measuring and organizing the local programs of action for nutrition ( NNC, 2009 ) . Tables 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 present the M and E patterns of the LNC for the provincial, metropolis, municipal, barangay 1 and barangay 2 degrees, severally. Some of the monitoring and rating tools used were the followers: Monitoring and Evaluation of Local Level Plan Implementation ( MELLPI ) . MELLPI is conducted yearly by the Regional Evaluation Team ( RET ) from March to April â€Å" to supervise and formalize the efficiency and effectivity of the nutrition and nutrition related activities implemented at the local degree † ( NNC, 2012 ) . MELLPI guidelines present a on the job paper for field implementers in carry oning the activity. This set of guidelines is used by PPAN implementers in carry oning the MELLPI at the national, regional, provincial, metropolis and municipal degrees. The MELLPI purposes to 1 ) Assess the efficiency of local degree execution ; 2 ) Measure alterations in weight position of preschool and school kids during the rating twelvemonth and the immediate past two old ages ; 3 ) Determine the extent to which nutrition is integrated into local development programs and plans ; and 4 ) Advocate for the go oning support for local nutrition plans ( NNC, 2012 ) . National Nutrition Survey ( NNS ) . NNS is a population-based study that assesses nutritionary position of nutritionally at-risk groups. The study updates the official statistics on nutrient, nutrition and wellness state of affairs in the Philippines and subsequently guides the preparation of nutrient and nutrition policies every bit good as intercession and related development plans. Furthermore, the study provides national and sub-national prevalence of malnutrition and proctor alterations in the nutrition state of affairs. ( FNRI, 2011 ) . Field Health Service Information System ( FHSIS ) . The FHSIS purposes to 1 ) provide drumhead informations on wellness service bringing and selected plan achievement indexs at the barangay, municipality/city, territory, provincial, regional, and national degrees ; 2 ) provide informations which, when combined with informations from other beginnings, can be used for plan monitoring and rating purposed ; 3 ) supply a criterion, facility-level database which can be accessed for more in-depths surveies ; 4 ) guarantee that the information reported are utile and accurate and are disseminated in a timely and easy manner ; and 5 ) minimise the load of entering and describing at the service bringing degree in order to let more clip for patient attention and promotive activites ( Sta. Maria, 1993 ) . Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey ( MICS ) . The MICS is a world-wide family study attempt to assist states in make fulling informations spreads for â€Å" monitoring human development in general and the state of affairs of kids and adult females in peculiar † ( UNICEF, 2012 ) . The MICS generated statistically dependable, globally comparable estimations of societal indexs which are needed â€Å" for supervising the ends and marks of the Millennium Declaration, the World Fit for Children Declaration and Plan of Action, the ends of the United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS ( UNICEF, 2012 ) . Initially, MICS was designed to the international established set of ends that materialized from the 1990 World Summit for Children. Afterwhich, it has been implemented every five old ages since 1995 ( UNICEF, 2005 ) . Barangay Nutrition Action Plan. Formulation of nutrition action programmes has been an institutionalised activity of local nutrition commissions. The nutrition action program serves as the cardinal papers and footing for the integrating of nutrition considerations into the local development programs. It besides serves as the working papers and usher for field implementers and for monitoring and rating. The planning activity is initiated by the Municipal Mayor as Chairman of the MNC, while the municipal nutrition action officer coordinates the activity. Other M and E Tools. Based from the study, nutrition plans were besides assessed utilizing growing chart, single intervention records ( ITS ) , monthly achievement study ( MAR ) , narrative study, guidelines, mark sheet, logbook and pie chart ; during audience, behavior of personal interview, and family visits.Frequency of M and E of Nutrition and Nutrition-related ProgramsThe LNC indicated the frequence of M and E of nutrition and nutrition-related plans. It was categorized as monthly, quarterly and yearly. Others included ex-ante M and E, â€Å" as needed † and â€Å" non applicable † depending on the sorts of plan being implemented ; some marked the day of the month and clip of M and E.Nutritional IndexsNutrition and nutrition-related indexs were besides determined to measure the impact of plans. Nutritional indexs could be used to see the demand for other informations that can be really different from the premises for research, for patient direction, for doing publi c policy or for planning or measuring plans ( Habicht and Pelletier, 1999 ) .Nutrition and Nutrition-related ProgramsThe LNC managed and assessed several nutrition and nutrition-related plans such as distribution of 1 ) Oral Rehydration Solution and 2 ) Oregon and Zn supplementation to babies and immature kids with diarrhoea, 3 ) auxiliary eating provided to undernourish kids, constitution of gardens and raising of little animate beings through 4 ) home/community nutrient production, 5 ) nutrition instruction in school course of study, nutrition guidance, and multi-media run, distribution of seed to school kids in 6 ) school nutrient production plan and the assessment of the 7 ) Philippine Plan of Action for Nutriton..Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in the Provincial LevelAs defined by LNCs at the provincial degree, monitoring is an organized process of roll uping, regular checking of plan execution and construing information about a plan of activities ; appraisals may besides be done during monitoring. Besides, it is a tool to look into whether the trade goods reach the donees ; a supervising to guarantee that activities in advancement are on class and on agenda in run intoing the aims and public presentation marks. On the other manus, rating is looking at results-based on the effectivity and efficiency of the undertaking accomplishments based on the set aims ; measuring the impact of a plan. Evaluation besides involves measuring the strengths and failings of plans, policies, forces, merchandises and organisations to better their effectivity. Furthermore, it is a systematic assessment of the success of a plan, the opinion about whether a plan is successful or non reached by comparing the mark specified in the aim with the alterations that the plan really achieves. At the provincial degree, there were four nutrition plans being monitored and evaluated including auxiliary eating, home/community nutrient production, nutrition instruction and school nutrient production ( Table 3 ) . Auxiliary Feeding. Supplementary eating was assessed by Nutrition, Education and Planning and Development offices. Monitoring tools used were growing chart, single intervention records ( ITR ) , barangay nutrition action program ( BNAP ) , and monthly achievement studies ( MAR ) . Using weight of kids as an index, auxiliary eating was monitored indiscriminately every month, every one-fourth and every twelvemonth. On the other manus, the national nutrition study ( NNS ) , supervising and rating of local degree program execution ( MELLPI ) , accomplishment study and pie chart were used to measure the plan and weight addition as an index. The plan was monitored monthly, quarterly and yearly. Home/Community Food Production. Home/community nutrient production was managed by Nutrition and Agriculture offices. Individual intervention record, BNAP, MAR and MELLPI were used to supervise the plan monthly, quarterly and yearly ; while, the NNS, multiple index bunch study ( MICS ) , MELLPI and MAR were used to measure the plan quarterly and yearly, dated from the month of March to May. Nutrition Education. Nutrition instruction was accomplished by Planing and Development and Nutrition offices utilizing growing chart, BNAP and MAR. The plan was monitored monthly, quarterly and yearly. Whereas, it was evaluated quarterly and yearly utilizing the NNS, MELLPI and MAR. School Food Production. The direction of school nutrient production was supervised by Nutrition and Planning and Development offices. The plan was monitored and evaluated monthly, quarterly and yearly. Barangay Nutriton Action Plan and MAR were used for supervising while NNS, MELLPI and MAR for rating. The consequences gathered from monitoring and rating will be fed back to the municipalities ; augmentation activities for every barangay nutrition plan will be created. Reports made by Education officer were submitted to the cardinal office. The consequences of the other offices were forwarded to the Regional Evaluation Team and served as footing for the continuity of the plan or for happening other schemes. All informations collected from the provincial office were accomplished in signifiers and submitted personally or through facsimile to the regional office and so to the national office. The consequences obtained from the rating will be used in planning, in redesigning and footing for public presentation assessment if aims were achieved or non. In planning, the consequences were presented and be the footing for what should be improved. The consequences were used as footing for seting up extra financess for the continuity of the bing plan ; otherwise, for happening other schemes in instance the plan failed.Table 3. Monitoring and rating systems in the provincial degreeNutrition PlansMonitoring ToolsINitrogenCalciferolICAThymineOxygenRoentgenSecondFrequency of MonitoringDate/Time of MEvaluation ToolsINitrogenCalciferolICAThymineOxygenRoentgenSecondFrequency of EvaluationDate/Timeof EGigahertzIThymineRoentgenBacillusNitrogenAPhosphorusMeterARoentgenMeterTocopherolLiterLiterPhosphorusIMomentQtANitrogenNitrogenSecondMeterICSecondMeterTocopherolLiterLiterPhosphorusIMeterARoentgenPieChartMomentQtAAuxiliary Eatinga?„a?„a?„a?„Wt of chidrena?„a?â €ža?„Randoma?„a?„a?„a?„Wt additiona?„a?„a?„Everyday Home/Community Food Productiona?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„March-May Nutrition Educationa?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„School Food Productiona?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in the City LevelThe LNC in the metropolis degree defined monitoring as a uninterrupted map that uses the systematic aggregation of informations on specified indexs to supply direction and the chief stakeholders of an on-going development intercession with indicants of the extent of advancement and accomplishment of aims and advancement in the usage of allocated financess. Evaluation, on the other manus, is the systematic and nonsubjective appraisal of an ongoing or completed undertaking, plan or policy including its design, execution and consequences ; results of the plan are used as footing for giving recommendations. Table 4 shows the nutrition and nutrition-related plans being implemented. Auxiliary Feeding. Program for targeted malnourished kids peculiarly auxiliary eating was organized by Nutrition office. The plan was monitored and evaluated monthly utilizing growing chart and narrative study, severally. Home/Community Food Production. Home/community nutrient production was implemented by Nutrition and Agriculture offices. Monthly and ex-ante monitoring and rating was used for the plan utilizing MAR and an existent interview of donees, and based on the guidelines, severally. The version of organic agriculture was used as the index for monitoring and rating. Nutrition Education and School Food Production. Nutrition instruction and school nutrient production was assessed by Nutrition office. Using narrative studies, the plan was monitored and evaluated quarterly. Filipino Plan of Action for Nutrition ( PPAN ) . The PPAN was monitored and evaluated by the Department of Education utilizing MELLPI. It was assessed yearly and as the demand arises. The consequences of the rating were collected by the judges and submitted personally or through facsimile to NNC regional office so to NNC cardinal office. In planning, the consequences of the plans were used to measure if there will be continuity or non.Table 4. Monitoring and rating systems in the metropolis degreeNutrition PlansMonitoring ToolsINitrogenCalciferolICAThymineOxygenRoentgenSecondFrequency of MonitoringDate/Timeof MEvaluation ToolINitrogenCalciferolICAThymineOxygenRoentgenSecondFrequency of EvaluationDate/Time of EGramCMeterARoentgenINitrogenThymineTocopherolRoentgenVoltITocopherolTungstenNitrogenRoentgenMeterTocopherolLiterLiterPhosphorusIMeterOQtAEx-ANitrogenThymineTocopherolASecondNitrogenTocopherolTocopherolCalciferolTocopherolvitamin DNitrogenRoentgenGramUracilICalciferolTocopherolLiterINitrogenTocopherolSecondMeterTocopherolLiterLiterPhosphorusIMeterOQtAEx-ANitrogenThymineTocopherolAsneededAuxiliary Eatinga?„a?„a?„a?„a?„Home/Communit y Food Productiona?„a?„Adaptation of organic agriculturea?„a?„During the implemen-tationa?„a?„During the implemen-tation Nutrition Educationa?„a?„a?„a?„School Food Productiona?„a?„a?„a?„PPANa?„a?„a?„a?„a?„a?„Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in the Municipal LevelMonitoring is the regular checking of development or advancement of certain activity ; supplying information about the undertaking and measuring the advancement of plan or undertaking over clip. Furthermore, monitoring is supervising the undertaking, whether it was implemented harmonizing to guidelines and seeing to it that undertaking continues. As per DILG, the accelerator for excellence in local administration, they monitor the per centum of execution of plan and undertakings of different sections based on marks met and the quality of execution. Meanwhile, rating was defined as the procedure of finding the value or worth of a plan ; a more thorough appraisal or scrutiny of undertakings or plan at a specific point in clip looking into the impact of effectivit y of the undertaking. It is besides a plan activity designed to obtain nonsubjective information about the plan and to find the value of the undertaking whether successful or non. Evaluation for the DILG officers, they base the consequences of rating on the per centums and quality of execution of plans and undertakings. Table 5 presents the nutrition and nutrition-related plans being implemented in the municipal degree. ORS and ORS and Zinc Supplementation. ORS, and ORS and zinc supplementation was quarterly monitored and evaluated utilizing Field Health Service Information System ( FHSIS ) and narrative studies from the barangays. The plan was managed by the Municipal Health Office. Auxiliary Feeding. Supplementary eating was monitored and evaluated quarterly and yearly during December and January of the undermentioned twelvemonth utilizing growing chart and narrative study. Offices included in the execution were Nutrition, Interior and Local Government, Planning and Development and Social Welfare and Development offices. Decreased in the figure of malnourished kids was used as an index. Home/Community Food Production. Home/community nutrient production was assessed by Health, Agriculture and Interior and Local Government offices. The plan was monitored monthly ( from January to December ) utilizing ITR and narrative study and evaluated quarterly ( every crop ) utilizing narrative study and mark sheets. The standards intended for the plan were applied as an index. Nutrition Education. Nutrition instruction was monitored yearly and evaluated quarterly by Nutrition and DILG, using narrative study. Besides, school nutrient production was monitored and evaluated yearly by Nutrition office and DILG, doing usage of narrative study. The studies were in narrative signifier. Datas were collected from the barangay through the BNS and submitted to MNAO. Afterwards, submitted to the LCE and other officer concerned through electronic mail or facsimile. Datas were besides given to NGOs, church based establishments as requested. The consequences were used for budgeting intents and aiming of prioritize sector or barangay for the undertaking to turn to their demands.Table 5. Monitoring and rating systems in the municipal degreeNutrition PlansMonitoring ToolIndexsFrequency of MonitoringDate/Time of MIndexsFrequency of EvaluationDate/Time of EFHydrogenSecondISecondGramCIThymineRoentgenNitrogenRoentgenMomentQtANitrogenRoentgenSecondCOxygenRoentgenTocopherolSecondHydrogenTocopherolTocopherolThymineMomentQtAOregona?„a?„a?„a?„ORS and Zinc Supplementationa?„a?„a?„a?„Auxiliary Eatinga?„a?„Decreased in figure of malnourished kidsa?„a?„Dec and Jan of the underm entioned twelvemontha?„a?„Dec and Jan of the undermentioned twelvemonth Home/Community Food Productiona?„a?„a?„January to Decembera?„a?„Standardsa?„Every crop Nutrition Educationa?„a?„a?„a?„School Food Productiona?„a?„a?„a?„Monitoring and Evaluation Systems in Barangay 1 LevelMonitoring was defined as usage of growing monitoring such as weighing graduated table and height board ; a frequent trial, check-up and appraisal of patients. Evaluation, on the other manus, is look intoing if ends and aims were met or non ; detecting and measuring if the intercession made was effectual or non. Table 6 shows the nutrition and nutrition-related plans managed at the barangay 1. ORS and ORS and Zinc Supplementation. The distribution of ORS and ORS and zinc supplementation among patients with diarrhoeas were assessed by rural wellness accoucheuse. The instances of diarrhoea among kids were monitored upon audience to the wellness officer ; evaluated through the usage of logbook. Name callings of kids who obtained ORS and ORS and Zn addendums were written down in the logbook for rating intents. The plan has an impact if kids have improved their wellness position. However, deficiency of supplies gives the rural wellness accoucheuse a determination to urge the patients to see the nearby infirmary for farther check-up. Auxiliary Feeding. Headed by the BNS and supported by the rural wellness accoucheuse, auxiliary eating was monitored quarterly ( July, August and September ) and evaluated monthly ( July, August and September ) utilizing growing chart and monthly achievement study, severally. The increased weight of kids verified that the plan was successful. Nutrition Education. Nutrition instruction was monitored and evaluated by the BNS. A narrative study was used as a tool for quarterly monitoring and during the execution, the plan was evaluated. The results/data collected in the ORS and ORS and zinc supplementation were put in black and white paper. No farther ratings and suggestions were provided. On the other manus, the consequences of other nutrition plans were personally submitted to the City Nutrition Action Office through narrative studies. If plans reached the mark objectives with proper allotment of financess, they will be continued or else better the planning of plans.Table 6. Monitoring and rating systems in barangay 1 degreeNutrition PlansMonitoring ToolIndexsFrequency of MonitoringDate/Time ofMeterEvaluation ToolIndexsFrequency of EvaluationDate/Time ofTocopherolCOxygenNitrogenSecondUracilLiterThymineAThymineIOxygenNitrogenGramCNitrogenRoentgenMomentQtAN/ALiterOxygenGramBacillusOxygenOxygenKMeterARoentgenNitrogenRoentgenMomentQtAN/AOregona?„Improved wellness positiona?„Upon Check-upa?„Improved wellness positiona?„Upon Consultation ORS and Zinc Supplementationa?„Improved wellness positiona?„Upon Check-upa?„Improved wellness positiona?„Upon Consultation Auxiliary Eatinga?„Increased wta?„July, August and Septembera?„Increased wta?„July, August and September Nutrition Educationa?„Improved cognitiona?„During tne executiona?„Improved cognitiona?„During the executionMonitoring and Evaluation Systems in Barangay 2 LevelAs defined by LNC in the barangay 2 degree, monitoring is the look intoing the demands of a plan. It was besides defined as deliberation of kids either under or overnourished and numbering the entire figure of mark donees. Evaluation is the look intoing if plans are decently implemented, with proper budget allotment and checking if the plan has improved or non. Table 7 shows the nutrition and nutrition-related plans assessed in the barangay 2 degree. ORS and ORS Zinc Supplementation. The behavior of ORS and ORS zinc supplementation was monitored and evaluated by the municipal wellness nurse. The diarrhoea instances were determined and monitored quarterly upon audience in the centre and the consequences from FHSIS. The plans were evaluated quarterly in a narrative study for rating. Auxiliary Feeding. The BNS, assisted by the Kagawad on Health, conduct the execution of auxiliary eating among malnourished kids. The plan was monitored monthly ( July, August and September ) utilizing growing chart and evaluated monthly in a narrative study and through family visits. The indexs that the plan has achieved its aims were improved weight, weight-for-height and weight-for-age. Home/Community Food Production. The home/community nutrient production plan was managed by the BNS, Kagawad on Health and Kagawad on Agriculture. The plan was monitored and evaluated hebdomadal utilizing narrative study and by family visits. The figure of produced harvests suggested the impact of the plan. Nutrition Education. Nutrition instruction was spearheaded by the BNS. The attending of the donees was used as the monitoring tool of the plan ; carried out every 3rd hebdomad of the month. The plan was evaluated every 3rd hebdomad of the month, completed through a narrative study. An improved weight indicates the achievement of the plan. School Food Production. The school nutrient production plan was initiated by the BNS. The plan was monitored hebdomadally in a narrative study and by agencies of family visits. The plan was evaluated hebdomadally in a narrative study. The index determined was the figure of harvests produced. The consequences of the ORS and ORS and zinc supplementation plan were personally submitted to the provincial office. Sometimes, these were faxed for easier transportation of informations. The consequences of other nutrition plans were documented by the Councilors and maintain for farther mentions. However, the BNS personally submitted the consequences to the municipal nutrition action office with the needed signifiers. The rating of the plan determined if it should be retained, otherwise change the plan.Table 7. Monitoring and rating systems in barangay 2 degreeNutrition PlansMonitoring ToolIndexsFrequency of MonitoringDate/Time ofMeterEvaluation ToolIndexsFrequency of EvaluationDate/Time ofTocopherolCOxygenNitrogenSecondUracilLiterThymineAThymineIOxygenNitrogenGramCNitrogenRoentgenHHVoltISecondIThymineAThymineThymineTocopherolNitrogenCalciferolANitrogenCTocopherolFHSISMomentQtAWklyNitrogenRoentgenHHVoltISecondIThymineMomentQtAWklyOregona?„a?„a?„Upon Consultationa? „a?„Upon Consultation ORS and Zinc Supplementationa?„a?„Upon Consultationa?„a?„Upon Consultation Auxiliary Eatinga?„Improved wt ; wt-for-ht ; wt-for-agea?„July, Aug, Septa?„a?„Improved wta?„July, Aug, Sept Home/Community Food Productiona?„a?„Number of harvests produceda?„Weeklya?„a?„Number of harvestsa?„Weekly Nutrition Educationa?„Improved wta?„3rd hebdomada?„Improved wta?„3rd hebdomad School Food Productiona?„a?„Number of harvests produceda?„Weeklya?„Number of harvestsa?„WeeklyKnowledge of Local Nutrition Committees in RBMEThis subdivision is an appraisal of the respondents ‘ cognition in results-based M and E. This subdivision determines the figure of LNC members who were cognizant of the basic information about the results-based direction attack ( Table 8 ) . A series of statements were provided to determine the basic constructs they acquainted ( Table 9 ) . From the entire respondents, a 3rd ( 33.3 % ) of respondents from both the provincial and municipal degrees and about 17 per centum from barangay 2 had acquired primary cognition about the results-based M and E.Table 8. Frequency of LNC with cognition in results-based M and EDegreeFrequencyPercentageProvincial2 33.3City0 0Municipal2 33.3Barangay 10 0Barangay 21 16.67 From the entire figure of respondents which had comprehension on results-based direction attack, all ( 100 % ) were familiar with the constructs such as: 1 ) combination of results and impacts appraisal, 2 ) a helpful attack to supervise and measure undertaking, plan and policy at all degrees, 3 ) can be performed at local, regional, and national degrees of authorities, 4 ) a beginning of cognition capital, 5 ) an aid in advancing greater transparence and answerability of stakeholders, 6 ) usage of indexs to place the results of undertakings, 7 ) informations aggregation on end products contributes towards attainment of results, 8 ) demands the stakeholders to plan and keep an organisational construction focused on consequences, 9 ) provides a qualitative and quantitative informations of results, 10 ) completed with strategic spouses, and ) records information of both success and failure.Table 9. Number of LNC with cognition in results-based monitoring and rating at different degrees StatementsProvincialMunicipalityBarangay 2FrequencyResults-based monitoring and rating combines with appraisal of results and impacts and allows organisation to modify and alter execution procedures. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating systems have been successfully designed and used to supervise and measure at all degrees – undertaking, plan, and policy. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating can be conducted at local, regional, and national degrees of authorities. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating systems are a beginning of cognition capital that enable authoritiess and organisations to develop a cognition base of the types of undertakings, plans, and policies that are successful, and more by and large, what works, what does non, and why. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating systems can help in advancing greater transparence and answerability within organisations and authoritiess. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Indexs for results-based monitoring and rating are used to find the results of undertakings. 2/2 2/2 1/1 The informations aggregation on end products ( e.g. increased entree to ORS and zinc supplementation ) contributes toward accomplishment of results ( e.g. improved used of ORS and zinc supplementation ) . 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating requires the organisation to make and prolong an organisational construction focused on consequences. 2/2 2/2 1/1 A systematic coverage with more qualitative and quantitative information on the betterment toward results. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating is done in partnership with strategic spouses. 2/2 2/2 1/1 Results-based monitoring and rating records information of both success and failure schemes in accomplishing desired results ( consequences ) . 2/2 2/2 1/1Strengths and Restrictions of M and E Practices of LNCThis subdivision assesses the preparedness of LNC in the execution of results-based direction attack. The strengths and restrictions of M and E patterns of LNC influence their capacity to plan and implement a results-based direction. Readiness appraisal was categorized harmonizing to organisational system, human resources, fiscal resources, and engineering and technology-related installations. Statements refering to each class were composed to find the bureaus ‘ capacity to implement a new M and E system. The subdivision besides deals with the relevant inputs/resources and activities identified by the LNC, which are of import in the development and execution of results-based M and E system in Laguna. Table 10 shows the acceptableness of LNC members if results-based direction will be designed and executed in their country. In the metropolis degree, 50 per centum acknowledged RBM ; more than 65 per centum in the municipal degree and about 85 per centum in barangay 2 degree. However, less than 50 per centum recognized RBM in barangay 1 degree. The overall credence of results-based direction attack in the state of Laguna was about 70 per centum.Table 10. Perceived Acceptability of RBMEDegreeFrequencyPercentageProvincial5 71.43*City3 50Municipal4 66.67Barangay 13 42.86Barangay 25 83.33 * Weight instance = 1.167 ; to generalise the state of Laguna Harmonizing to LNC members, the execution of a results-based direction in Laguna demands appropriate inputs and resources including 1 ) fiscal resources, 2 ) office supply signifiers and equipment for anthropometric measurings, 3 ) proficient aid, and 4 ) human resources.Fiscal ResourcesSufficient fiscal resources are of import to accomplish the end of planing and implementing results-based M and E system ; and to guarantee a go oning support of the intended consequences. By and large, the organisation is responsible in geting new resources from stakeholders to continue an bing degree of fiscal support. Leaderships are apt for fiscal resources allocated to their offices. It is a responsibility for them to make effectual systems that will ease staff to maintain path of those resources ( Bruneau, 1994 ) .Technical Aidâ€Å" Technical aid strengthens the authorities ‘s ownership of reforms, particularly by heightening administration capablenesss † ( IMF, 2012 ) . Technical aid provides elaborate actions in the direction of plans. Results-based direction techniques must be adjunct by governmental regulations and processs to hold an influence on plan effectivity and better allow planning within bureaus ( Ortiz, et.al, 2004 ) .Human ResourcesHuman resource professionals have a cardinal function to play to assist organisation accomplish its aims ; influences many of the cardinal systems and concern procedures underpinning effectual bringing ; provide tools and models for the executing of the plan. Keepers of the fire when it comes to corporate civilization, squad edifice and alteration direction processes ( Strandberg, 2009 ) .Supply and EquipmentThis includes the office supply signifiers and equipment for anthropometric measurings. A well-managed stuff resource produces a better service, without blowing other resources like clip and money. Consequently, touchable stuffs should be really stored and distributed ( BMS, 2012 ) . The LNC marked out elaborate activities needed in the execution of results-based direction attack. Here are the undermentioned actions that must be addressed: 1 ) protagonism, 2 ) courtesy call, 3 ) orientation and preparation, 4 ) meeting with implementers and 5 ) information, instruction and communicating stuffs.AdvocacyA strong protagonism promotes success of nutrition plans. It aids to edify stakeholders about what works at the community ; keeps the force per unit area on for sustained plan support and support ( Kurosky, 2007 ) .Courtesy Call, Orientation and TrainingOrientation introduces the attack to the organisation and imparts with an overview of how it functions. The activity accustoms the organisation to go more productive and effectual. Orientation and preparation are relevant activities to reenforce the capacities of the organisation to be familiar and have a common apprehension on the nucleus rules and constructs of results-based direction ; and how the method can be em ployed in ( rhenium ) scheduling, monitoring and coverage. Orientation and preparations with theoretical presentations and exercisings will let interpreting theory into pattern when scheduling, monitoring and coverage ; therefore, can be tailored to the specific demands of the organisation ( UNDP, 2002 ) .Meeting with ImplementersThis assembly of persons is performed to leave new information and talk about pertinent issues and programs/projects. Meetings with implementers play a important function in the preparation of strategic alterations within organisations ( Jarzabkowski, 2002 ) .Information, Education and Communication ( IEC )IEC serves as vehicles for the community to better their engagement and the stakeholders to better understand their functions in the execution of a results-based direction. Information is a trade good to be protected and employed strategically ; a tool for answerability, transparence and ownership. Communication is how information obtains certain activiti es. When the attack is being implemented, the authorities must be likely to analyze the IEC constituent as chiefly a public dealingss enterprise. ( Chibwana and Mohan, 2001 ) .